Overpopulation in Pakistan - 2845 Words

As we know that the economic development of a country depends on various factors such as natural resources, capital and human resources. Human resources have fundamental importance because without them, the natural resources can not be exploited but overpopulation causes adverse effects on the economy. The purpose of this assignment is to analyze the impacts of the impacts of overpopulation on the economic development of Pakistan. Contents of Study: In order to see the role of population in the economic development, we will consider the world population and growth rate in comparison to that of Pakistan. The qualitative aspects of population, major factors affecting population growth, Malthusian population trap, the problems created by†¦show more content†¦We shall deal with the educational factors as an affect of overpopulation rather than the cause. Growth rate of population: The growth rate of population is the focal point the economic development of a country. The growth rate of Pakistan is 2.09 %.( See table 3.1 fig 3.3).The growth rate reached its peak in 1972 and it has been continuously declining over the years. Death rate: Pakistans extremely high rate of population growth is caused by a falling death rate. In 1950 the mortality rate was twenty-seven per 1,000; by 2008 it has fallen to 8.23 deaths per 1000(see table 3.2). Infant mortality rate: The decrease in infant mortality rate is also a contributing factor. Figure for infant mortality has always been disputed in Pakistan; it was estimated to be 136 in 1962-65. By 1996-97 it had been estimated to be somewhere around 92-100. The infant mortality rate is 70.45 per 1000 in 2008(see table 3.4).It is indicative of poor medical facilities, inadequate child health care and ignorance among the family members. Maternal Mortality rate was 340 per 100,000 live births in 1990: it is still the same if not higher as reported by some organizations. Life expectancy: The life expectancy of both males and females has continued to increase over the years. Whereas in 1965 women in Pakistan lived to the age of 44.5 years, in 1992 women were expected to live 17 years more. (see table 3.5). Just as health facilities haveShow MoreRelatedPopulation Crisis4749 Words   |  19 Pagesand thoroghly to put an end to the problems of overpopulation, health crisis, food crisis, governence crisis. It was so nice of you to assign us this task. Please let me know if I can be of further assiastance. Sincerely Falcons TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents page Introduction 9 Overpopulation 10 History of population of world 11 Population of Pakistan 13 Major crisis due to overpopulation 16 Major causes of overpopulation 24 Summary 26 Conclusions 27 RecommendationsRead MoreEradication Of Poverty And Poverty1381 Words   |  6 PagesMost countries that suffer from poverty are still developing, and do not have the resources to support their citizens. These countries also have little to no education, overpopulation, no clean water, a lack of jobs, and/or disease(s). This causes harm to its people because uneducated people cannot get or keep stable jobs, overpopulation creates a competition for resources, little water or food may cause diseases or death, and a lack of jobs means that not many people can earn money. Part II: UN RoleRead MoreCompetition for Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century1214 Words   |  5 PagesCompetition for Increasingly Scarce Resources in the 21st Century Introduction During the 1960s, dire Malthusian warnings about the impact of overpopulation, consumption and resource depletion caused only a ripple of concern in the international community as the Green Revolution and modern birth control methods and practices appeared to provide a viable solution to these problems. Unfortunately, even though innovations in agricultural practices have increased yields even further than during theRead MoreAnalyzing The Issues Of World Overpopulation1413 Words   |  6 PagesAnalyzing the issues of world overpopulation The current population on Earth is around 7 billion people, statistics show that by 2050 the world will reach to about 8 – 11 billion people. If we look back on the progression of the world and its increase in population you will currently find that the world population is growing rapidly, this leads to the fearful effect of overpopulation. Overpopulation is the number of the existing human population that exceeds the capacity of the Earth. ProgressivelyRead MoreOverpopulation : A Common Misconception1396 Words   |  6 Pagesforce, which is currently plaguing the planet. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the fact that, overpopulation is not the primary cause of our modern day predicaments, but is merely a tributary to the actual source. Environmental, economic, agricultural and political factors are some of the main incipient issues, which have thus been ignored, and have resulted in the myth called overpopulation. The negative repercussions of these aspects will be ex amined, along with a comprehensive study intoRead MoreIndia, Health, Life Expectancy, Disease Burden, Economy, And Health723 Words   |  3 Pages1947. India’s land borders include 6 countries: China,  Bangladesh,  Burma,  Nepal,  Bhutan,  Pakistan. Many rivers pass in India; these are the: Ganges, Indus, Lena, Mekong, Ob, Yangtze and Yellow. The Ganges represents a lifeline to millions of Indians who live along its course and depend on it for their daily needs. It’s 2,510 km in length. Population Problem With a 17% of the global population, overpopulation in India accounts for many problems on different domains: Rising unemployment ExhaustionRead MoreDeveloped and Developing Countries1618 Words   |  7 PagesBrazil contains many minor oilfields, but this is still not the big picture. Although services makes up most of Brazil’s economy, agricultural products like coffee, bananas and sugarcane have driven Brazil’s growth. Plus, Brazil doesn’t have an overpopulation problem, so they can export coffee, bananas and sugarcane, in fact Brazil is the number one producer of coffee in the world. The main drawbacks are the extensive crime combined with a corrupt political system. Next, the R, Russia. Russia is easilyRead MoreHuman Overpopulation1505 Words   |  7 PagesOverpopulation of Humans The impact of human activity on the environment is catastrophically devastating and destructible. Assisting to that destruction is the increasing number of people that make up the worlds population today. Overpopulation is the condition of giving birth to a number of people living on earth that over exceeds the amount of space, resources and land found on our planet. According to reports from the United Nations (2007), â€Å"World population is currently growing by approximatelyRead MoreCairo Is The Most Dangerous Megacity For Women814 Words   |  4 PagesThe Thomas Reuters Foundation, in a survey, based its ranking on women’s response to questions about sexual violence, harmful cultural practices, and access to good healthcare, finance, and education. The Egyptian capital was followed by Karachi in Pakistan, Kinshasha in Congo, and New Delhi in India, Reuters reported. On the opposite end, the most woman-friendly city is London in Britain, followed by Tokyo in Japan, and Paris in France. Impressions of few women’s rights activists Members of women’sRead MorePoverty in Pakistan5457 Words   |  22 PagesPoverty in Pakistan Abstract: Poverty is Pakistan’s biggest problem which today’s Pakistan facing, it is interconnected with several elements which are having direct or indirect relationship with poverty. This paper is an effort to find out and discuss the elements related to poverty and it is a contribution from author to do something for his country and same time for the rest of world. Poverty in Pakistan does not affect people of Pakistan only but it has an effect on rest of world as well. Today

Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants Free Essays

EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FIXING PEA PLANTS (Pisum sativum) ON GROWTH OF CORN (Zea mays)? Introduction Interactions among plant species, particularly negative ones, have been a concern in agriculture (Levene 1926, Russell 1961). Novoa (1981) suggested that it would be advantageous to rotate certain crops by season, grow certain crops together, or avoid growing certain crops on the same land. Observations indicated that some crops require specific types of nutrients in contrast to other crop species, and plants within the Legume Family actually â€Å"fix† nutrients, for example nitrogen, within surrounding soils. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nitrogen is a key plant nutrient, and has been shown to be both increase plant growth and development (Russell 1961), but is often deficient in many western U. S. soils (Novoa 1981). Thus Legumes could provide high community trophic â€Å"service† (Aprison et al. 1954, Hiroshi 2010). The common pea plant (Pisum sativum), a member of the Legume family, and a robust dicot flowering plant (i. e. , an Angiosperm) native to the western U. S. , enjoys a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria (Hiroshi 2010). These bacteria grow inside nodules located on the roots of pea plants and convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) into ammonia (NO3-), which is a molecular form the pea plant, and neighboring plants, can use for numerous physiological functions (including production of DNA, proteins, and plant hormones (Russell 1961, Novoa 1981, Hiroshi 2010). It has become a common practice to rotate crops within fields, alternating Legumes with various other plant species to maintain high soil nitrogen levels. Our research was conducted in the BIO170 Lab (107 Lewis Hall, Montana State University [MSU]), and was focused on potential effects of pea plants on the growth and development of corn (Zea mays). Our objective was to vary growth environments, with some plants of different species type grown in close proximity, under the same conditions, and other treatments with single plant species, thus allowing us to address the primary research questions: Will the presence of pea plants, in close proximity to corn, positively affect corn shoot height, root length, shoot mass, and overall seedling growth ate? We formulated the primary research question into the following formal hypotheses: H1: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the height of the corn plants; H2: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the root length of the corn plants; H3: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the shoot mass of the corn plants; and H4: pea plants grown in close proximity to corn plants will increase the seedling growth rates of corn plants. For each stated research hypothesis (i. e. H1 thru H4), the null (H0) hypothesis was: the presence of pea plants growing in close proximity to corn plants will have no effect on the corn plant response variables (i. e. , shoot height, root length, shoot mass, and overall seedling growth rate). The explanatory, or treatment variable, in all cases, was presence or absence of a pea plant within the growth cells of our measurement units (see below). Methods The plant experiments were conducted in Lewis Hall, room 107, on the campus of Montana State University. The lab’s room temperature is typically 65 to 70 degrees F (celsius scale thermometer). We set up our experiment in the NW corner of the lab on the counter. We used three polyurethane growth trays (Carolina Biological Supply Company, Savannah, GA), where each tray contained 36 cells 15cm X 10 cm X 10 cm (depth). Each cell was filled with organic soil to the rim of the cell (soil type: Sunshine Mix; Plant Growth Center, MSU). Each growth tray was divided into two sections, with 18 cells containing two corn plants; and 18 cells each containing one Alaska variety pea plant and one corn plant; for a total of 108 corn plants alone and 54 corn plants grown with pea plants. All seeds were also obtained from Carolina Biological Supply Company. The trays were placed under full spectrum UV grow lights (also from Carolina Supply Co. , Model: XPV-230 Lum. ), and received 12 hours of light per day (using a light timer [Home Depot: Model ISZ210/120). We planted seeds at 0. 5 inch depth, and maintained moist (but not â€Å"wet† or muddy) soil for 3 days, or until the onset of germination. We used tap water, with approximately 50 ml per growth cell each morning and evening during germination. After germination, we reduced watering to 50 ml once per day, typically in the late afternoon (to acilitate overnight availability of water per cell and prevent drying). After 10 days, when seedlings were well established, we increased daily water to 100 ml per cell. After 2 weeks of seedling growth, we began measuring the response variables, including height of shoot (soil level to apical tip) using a standard metric ruler, and the Precision Balance (room 106) to me asure mass to the nearest 0. 01 grams. We compared height, and mass using mean values per treatment, including the standard deviation to assess variation. We used percent growth per week as an estimate of growth â€Å"rate†. Roots were washed, and then dried, prior to mass measurement. Results The average shoot height (Fig. 1) of corn grown in close proximity to pea plants, compared to the height of the corn grown alone, indicated that pea plants may have increased the height of neighboring corn. At the end of three weeks, the average height of corn grown with peas was 35. 4 cm, whereas corn plant grown alone reached an average height of approximately 33 cm, which represented a 6. 78% difference between treatments (Fig. 1). Figure 1. Average height of corn plants grown in Lewis Hall Lab 107 (MSU). The upper line was on the graph shows the height of corn grown with peas. The lower line represents the corn grown alone. Figure 2. Shows average root mass (dry weight) of corn in the two treatments, i. e. , with or without the presence of Pea Plants. The average mass of the corn grown with peas was 1. 2 grams while the average mass of the corn alone was 1. 07 grams. This represents a 10. 8% difference between treatments (Fig. 2). Figure 3. Average root length of corn plants between treatments. Our observation result also showed that average root length for corn grown with peas was 11. 5 cm and the length for corn grown alone to be 9. 69 cm, a 16. 8% difference between treatments. Figure 4 shows germination rates for the two treatments, with 37% increase per week for corn grown with peas, slightly higher than the corn grown alone (35. 2%). Table 1 shows the various percent differences between the two treatments, and in each contrast, the values for corn grown with peas was greater th an corn grown alone. Discussion Overall, in summarizing our key results, we observed corn grown with peas showed a trend of 6. 78% taller and 10. % heavier than corn grown alone. We also observed the roots of corn grown with peas were on average, 16. 8% longer than the roots of corn grown alone. Finally, we found that the corn grown with peas had a 4. 86% higher germination rate than corn alone. Figure 4. Average germination rate of corn plants estimated between treatments. Table 1. Percent difference between the treatment, showing increases in all variables in treatment with both plants together. Height6. 78% Mass10. 80% Root length16. 80% Germination rate4. 86% Our results, reviewed together (e. . , Table 1), strongly suggested that our ideas concerning facilitation were correct, and supported our research hypotheses that corn grown with peas would be taller, heavier, have longer roots, and have a higher germination rate than corn grown alone. Upon reflection, we believed that it made sense that the corn grown with peas tended to outperform the corn grown alone for the variables we tested, because clearly nitrogen is an essential component of chlorophyll (Tam 1935), amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid (Levine 1926). Since pea plants are nitrogen fixers, their presence increases the amount of usable nitrogen in the soil. Thus, the corn grown with the peas would have had more nitrogen available to it to aid in the production of chlorophyll, amino acids, ATP, and nucleic acid, all of which probably aided the corn growth, mass, and also the higher germination rate (percent) that we observed. Furthermore, our results tend to agree with other research findings, for example a study presented at the 2010 World Congress of Soil Science found that corn rotated with soy, also a nitrogen fixer (Aprison 1954), tended to grow taller and have higher yields than corn rotated with corn (Yin 2010). Another study found that along with the correct row spacing and plant density, corn plants grew best when given moderate levels of nitrogen (Cox 2000). Further, a study done in Europe noted that nitrogen deficiency in plants tended to inhibit plant growth and rates of photosynthesis (Zhao 2005, Bradshaw et. al 2010, Cox et al. 2010). The positive effects nitrogen has on plants are well documented and have been studied for decades, but we think our replications of pea plant facilitated growth were well worth the efforts, and also allowed us to see first-hand, how experiments can be powerful tools for learning and for confirmation of research ideas. It is well known by both plant scientists and amateur backyard gardeners that plants need nitrogen to grow to their full potential, so perhaps our work offered little new information, but it was still quite fascinating to conduct the research, learn the steps of the scientific process, and apply them ourselves, rather than simply read about experimentation. Those wishing to grow corn, or other important, or popular house plants, might use our outcomes to enhance growth production of desired species. Literature Cited Aprison, M. H. , W. E. Magee, and R. H. Burris. 954. â€Å"Nitrogen Fixitation by Excised Soybean Root Nodules. † Journal of Biological Chemistry 208 (1954): 29-39. Bradshaw, A. D. , M. J. Chadwick, D. Jowett, and R. W. Snaydon. 1964. â€Å"Experimental Investigations into the Mineral Nutrition of Several Grass Species: IV. NitrogenLevel. † Journal of Ecology 52. 3 (1964): 665-76. Cox, William J. , and Debbie J. R. Cherney. â€Å"Row Spacing, Plant Density, and Nitrogen Effects on Corn Silage. † 2000. Argonomy Journal 93. 3: 597-602. Kunstman, James L. , and E. Paul Lichtenstein. â€Å"Effects of Nutrient Deficiencies in Corn Plants on the in Vivo and in Vitro Metabolism of [14C]diazinon. † Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27. 4 (1979): 770-74. Levine, P. A. â€Å"On the Nitrogenous Components of Yeast Nucleic Acid. † Journal of Biological Chemistry 67 (1926): 325-27. The Journal of Biological Chemistry. Novoa, R. , and R. S. Loomis. â€Å"Nitrogen and Plant Production. † Plant and Soil 58 (1981): 177-204. Russell, Edward J. Soil Conditions and Plant Growth. 8th ed. [London]: Longmans, 1961. Open Library. Tam, R. K. , and O. C. Magistad. 1935. â€Å"Relationship Between Nitrogen Fertilization And Related post: Disadvantages of Plants Living on Land Chlorophyll Content In Pineapple Plants. † Plant Physiology 10. 1 (1935): 159-68. Yin, Xinhua, Angela McClure, and Don Tyler. 2010. â€Å"Relationships of Plant Height and Canopy NDVI with Nitrogen Nutrition and. † Lecture. World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World. Brisbane. 1-6 Aug. 2010. International Union of Soil Sciences. Zhao, D. , K. Reddy, V. Kakani, and V. Reddy. 2005. â€Å"Nitrogen Deficiency Effects on Plant Growth, Leaf Photosynthesis, and Hyperspectral Reflectance Properties of Sorghum. † European Journal of Agronomy 22. 4 (2005): 391-403. How to cite Effects of Nitrogen on Pea Plants, Essay examples

Importance of Transportation Cost-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Importance of transportation cost for different manufacturing option. Answer: Transportation operation in a region reflects the efficiency of transporting goods. In the location decision for any manufacturing firms, cost of transportation plays an important role (Knaap Oosterhaven, 2017). For homeowner club, to decide over whether to establish manufacturing plant in Canada or export from China it should consider demand and supply of different mode of transportation and corresponding pricing for each mode. Importance of transportation cost for different manufacturing option If the company decide to build its own plant in Canada then it might enjoy the benefits of economies of scale from operating in the home country. Following establishment of new plant, new employment opportunities are created and this would inspire other related industries to develop in the region. This will in turn reduce transportation cost of other raw materials as well (Hu et al. 2015). For other alternative, that is export from China involves additional transportation cost. The additional transportation cost depend on the availability of different transportation mode in China. Supply and demand of different mode of transportation Supply of different transportation mode The specific transportation mode for importing the required product from China to Canada include air transport and transportation via oceans. Air China has a rapidly growing aviation industry. In 2007, China had nearly 500 airports of various size. Among these 500 airports, 400 had paved runways while 100 had runways of size 3,047 m or shorter. China also has 35 heliports providing additional assistance in air transportation (Ding et al., 2015). The operation of several airline companies such as Air China, Beijing capital Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, China Express Airline and other increases the availability of flight for carrying goods and passengers at different times of the day. Table 1: Air transport statistics in China (Source: hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com, 2018). Shipping and Ports There are nearly more than 2000 ports in China. Of which 130 are open foreign ships. Beihai, Fuzhou, Haikou, Nantong, Tianjin, Weihai and Zhanjiang are some of the major ports of China and are open to access for ocean going ships (Hu et al. 2015). The merchant fleet of China has 3497 ship. Table 2: Statistics for different mode of water transportation Year Barge carrier Bulk carrier Cargo ship Carrier Container ship 2004 2 325 840 11 125 2007 3 415 689 3 157 (Source: Ding et al., 2015) Demand of different mode of transportation The firm prefers to use cargo air carriers for importing their goods. The demand for mode of transportation however depend on the demand for companys product. If there is sufficient time, then the required tools of the company can be carried by cargo ships because of a lower cost Cargo flights though cost higher but are more time efficient (cargofromchina.com, 2018). The transportation pricing however often depends on specific period of the year. During peak season, the fair is higher as compared to the average cost. It is therefore beneficial for the company to exchange goods during off-season and maintaining an inventory stock to maintain smooth supply (Knaap Oosterhaven, 2017). In order to construct own plant in Canada, the transportation facilities within the country and corresponding cost needs to be considered. If transportation cost from China outweighs the benefits from operating within the country, then the country should chose to export from China rather than building its own plant References Air Freight Shipping from China: A Compelete Guide. (2018).Cargofromchina.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018, from https://cargofromchina.com/air-freight/ Air Transport and Express Cargo Industry in Hong Kong | HKTDC. (2018).Hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com. Retrieved 3 April 2018, from https://hong-kong-economy-research.hktdc.com/business-news/article/Hong-Kong-Industry-Profiles/Air-Transport-and-Express-Cargo-Industry-in-Hong-Kong/hkip/en/1/1X000000/1X0018JT.htm Ding, Z. Y., Jo, G. S., Wang, Y., Yeo, G. T. (2015). The relative efficiency of container terminals in small and medium-sized ports in China.The Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics,31(2), 231-251. Hu, Y., Xiao, J., Deng, Y., Xiao, Y., Wang, S. (2015). Domestic air passenger traffic and economic growth in China: Evidence from heterogeneous panel models.Journal of Air Transport Management,42, 95-100. Knaap, T., Oosterhaven, J. (2017). Spatial economic impacts of transport infrastructure investments. InTransport Projects, Programmes and Policies(pp. 87-105). Routledge